How Many Treaties Were Signed with Native American Tribes?Native American tribes have a rich and complex history that is deeply intertwined with the formation and development of the United States. Over the centuries, numerous treaties were signed between the federal government and these tribes, shaping their relationship and the land they inhabit. In this article, we will explore the fascinating history of these treaties and shed light on the question: How many treaties were signed with Native American tribes?Understanding Native American TreatiesNative American treaties are legal agreements between the United States government and various tribes. These treaties were designed to establish peace, define boundaries, and facilitate trade and cooperation between the federal government and the tribes. They often involved the exchange of land, resources, and other considerations.
The Evolution of Treaty-Making
The treaty-making process with Native American tribes began in the colonial period and continued well into the 19th century. The earliest treaties were made between individual colonies and tribes, with the federal government assuming this responsibility after the American Revolution in 1783.Throughout the 1800s, the United States government adopted a policy of Indian removal, which aimed to relocate Native American tribes to reservations in designated territories. This period witnessed a significant increase in the number of treaties being signed as the federal government sought to acquire native lands.
The Treaty of New Echota
One notable treaty is the Treaty of New Echota, signed in 1835. This treaty resulted in the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation from their ancestral lands in what is now known as the Trail of Tears. The treaty was highly controversial, as it was signed by a faction of the Cherokee Nation, not recognized by the majority, and led to the displacement and suffering of thousands of Cherokee people.
The Medicine Lodge Treaty
Another significant treaty is the Medicine Lodge Treaty, signed in 1867. This treaty marked the end of the Red River War and resulted in the relocation of several tribes, including the Comanche, Kiowa, and Southern Cheyenne, to reservations in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).
The Number of Treaties
So, how many treaties were signed with Native American tribes? The exact number is difficult to pinpoint due to variations in terminology and the complex nature of these agreements. However, it is estimated that over 370 treaties were signed between the United States government and Native American tribes.These treaties covered a wide range of topics, including land cessions, protection of tribal sovereignty, tribal recognition, and provisions for education and healthcare. Unfortunately, many treaties were not upheld by the government, leading to significant conflicts and injustices against Native American tribes.
Transitioning to Self-Determination
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the federal government shifted its approach to Native American policy. The Dawes Act of 1887 aimed to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream American society by dividing reservation lands into individual allotments. This policy had devastating effects on tribal communities and their lands.In more recent times, there has been a movement towards self-determination and tribal sovereignty. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act, recognized the right of Native American tribes to govern themselves and engage in economic development. This marked an important step towards rectifying historical injustices.
Conclusion
The history of treaties between the United States government and Native American tribes is a complex and often painful one. While over 370 treaties were signed, many were not honored, leading to the displacement, suffering, and loss of culture for Native American tribes. It is crucial to acknowledge and learn from this history to ensure a more equitable and just future for all.FAQsQ1: Are Native American treaties still valid today?A1: Yes, many treaties signed with Native American tribes are still legally valid today, although they have often been violated or disregarded by the federal government.Q2: How were treaties negotiated with Native American tribes?A2: Treaties were typically negotiated through diplomatic meetings between tribal representatives and government officials. These negotiations involved discussions on land, resources, and tribal rights.Q3: Did all Native American tribes sign treaties?A3: Not all Native American tribes signed treaties with the United States government. Some tribes maintained their independence and sovereignty without formal agreements.Q4: How did treaties impact Native American tribes?A4: Treaties had a significant impact on Native American tribes, often resulting in the loss of land, resources, and cultural practices. They also shaped the relationship between tribes and the federal government.Q5: How has the United States addressed past treaty violations?A5: The United States government has taken various steps to address past treaty violations, including financial settlements and the recognition of tribal sovereignty. However, many challenges and issues remain unresolved.